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- BUSINESS, Page 50Decline and Fall: The Story So Far
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- July 1986. U.S. agents begin an investigation of Colombian
- drug-money laundering. B.C.C.I. is drawn in the next year.
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- October 1988. A grand jury in Tampa indicts B.C.C.I. and nine
- of its employees for money laundering. B.C.C.I. is described as
- the "personal banker" to Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega.
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- January 1990. B.C.C.I. pleads guilty to money laundering but
- receives no stiff sanctions. The bank remains open and forfeits
- only $15 million.
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- April 1990. The bank posts a $498 million loss, and a secret
- audit shows evidence of widespread internal fraud. B.C.C.I.
- announces an emergency reorganization. Sheik Zayed, President of
- the United Arab Emirates, pumps $1 billion into the bank, giving
- him 77% ownership.
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- May 1990. Regardie's, a Washington-based monthly, discloses
- connections between B.C.C.I. and First American Bankshares,
- headed by former Defense Secretary Clark Clifford. He and Robert
- Altman, the bank's president, deny that B.C.C.I. secretly
- controls First American.
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- July 1990. A Florida jury convicts five B.C.C.I. officers of
- conspiring to launder cocaine profits.
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- April 1991. TIME disclosed existence of a 1990 internal audit
- of B.C.C.I., which had been conducted from its headquarters in
- London, cataloging insider loans, a secret "bank within the bank"
- and a multibillion-dollar black hole in the bank's balance
- sheets. TIME also says wealthy Saudi businessman Ghaith Pharaon,
- who bought the troubled National Bank of Georgia from former U.S.
- budget chief Bert Lance and sold it to First American, had been a
- front man for B.C.C.I.
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- May. The Federal Reserve Board orders B.C.C.I. to sell First
- American, along with Independence Bank of Encino, Calif., which
- is nominally owned by Pharaon. The Washington Post says Clifford
- and Altman made $9 million in a questionable stock transaction
- involving First American shares. The transaction had been
- financed by B.C.C.I.
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- June. TIME discloses an estimated $10 billion hole in
- B.C.C.I.'s balance sheets, as well as its role in financing the
- smuggling of weapons, coffee and other commodities.
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- July. Bank regulators seize B.C.C.I. offices in dozens of
- countries. TIME discloses the existence of a "black network"
- within the bank, a spy operation that cooperated closely with
- intelligence agencies around the world and used extortion,
- terrorism, blackmail and bribery to protect the bank and promote
- clandestine international deals.
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